SECOND SECTION

We will explain the subcategories of the four main habits in this section. The characters which spring up from the four main habits are so numerous that it is almost impossible to name them, let alone explain them. We will mention only some of the famous ones which are covered by Islamic scholars who are specialists in the study of ethics.

Seven virtues spring up from the wisdom (Hikmat).

1- The first is intellect. It is a faculty, a habit (Malaka). Through the help of this, one derives conclusions for unknowns from the similarities between the known and unknown subjects. One can pool together the proofs and then reach a conclusion about the researched topic. Developing this faculty requires one to study the subject matter which teaches how to arrive a conclusion for unknown researched subject matter from the known subject matter, or one should solve problems of mathematics and geometry.

Human beings possess varying degrees of intelligence. The highest degree of intelligence is called genius. Intelligence is measured by tests. One of the famous psychiatrists of the twentieth century, American Terman [Terman was still alive in 1380 Hijri, 1960 A.D. while this book was being written.] says that historically the measurement of intelligence through tests was first performed by Ottoman Turks. Ottoman armies were moving through Europe, conquering one country after another. They were at the doorsteps of Vienna. They knew that if they captured Vienna, it was easy to conquer the rest of Europe. The Ottomans were bringing Islamic civilization to Europe. Lights of knowledge, learning, and ethics were chasing the darkness which was placed by Christianity, and were spreading vitality, humanity, peace, and happiness. For centuries, Europeans were enslaved by dictators, capitalists, and clergy and became barbaric. With the introduction of Islamic justice, knowledge, and ethics, Europeans were being liberated and enjoying human rights. But, the dictators and especially the Christian clergy were putting their last efforts against the Ottoman armies. One night, Great Britain's chancellor in Istanbul sent his historic letter to London. In his letter he wrote: Eureka!...Eureka!..! I have discovered the reason of success of the Ottoman armies. I have found the way to stop the advancement of their armies. He also wrote the following:

"Ottomans in conquered lands, without regard the nationality or religion, are testing the intelligence of the chosen children and selecting those possessing high IQs and educating them at schools {Madrasas} in accordance with the Islamic ethics. They are further selecting the brightest among the students of schools {Madrasas} and educating them in the highest sciences and arts of their times at the "ANDARUN" college, which is a special school at the residence of the sultan. Military leaders are all graduates of this special school and all possess high intelligence. Those bright and successful prime-ministers, Sokullus and Koprulus are educated in this manner. The only way to stop the advancement of the Ottoman armies and to save the Christianity is to corrupt and degenerate the quality of education at these special schools by working secretly behind the scene." After this letter the British established a new Ministry of State for the Colonial Department. The spies which were trained in this department and Christian missionaries and freemasons concentrated their efforts to recruit some personnel by lies, deceit, and promise of good life in the Ottoman State. They used their influences in high places so that these recruits could be appointed to the high key government positions. Through these wretched puppets they tried to abolish and remove some of the most critical and important courses like sciences, ethics and advanced religious knowledge at these schools so that the graduates of these schools would lack the necessary knowledge to manage the affairs of the government successfully. They accomplished their purpose after the 1839 era. As a result, the Islamic state was destroyed and the lights of happiness and peace radiated by Islam were extinguished.

2- Quick-wittedness (Surat al-Fahim): quickness in thinking and promptness in action in an emergency, in response to a challenge in a conversation or debate. This faculty understands how to respond to a required situation. When it hears something, it quickly grasps its opposite also. Intelligence is related to thinking and scrutiny. It examines known matter minutely and derives some unknown results from it. Quick wittedness refers to things other than thinking and scrutiny, e.g., quickness of grasping relativity of things to the situation at hand.

3- Clariy of mind (Safa al-dhihn): quick understanding and obtaining desired results.

4- Ease of learning (Suhulat al-Ta'allum): irrelevant thoughts cannot stop him from attaining his goal.

5- Observing limits (Husn al-Ta'akkul): staying within the bounds and limits while learning necessary things; not overdoing things. One does not leave out necessary things but does not occupy himself with unnecessary things either and does not waste his time.

6- Retention (Tahaffuz): Not forgetting things. the spirit does not forget things it comprehends and understands.

7- Recall (Tadhakkur): the ability of remembering things stored in memory whenever one wants to recall them.